one last thing

So, I am a little confused because I blogged every lecture and for some reason I only have 18 posts. I thought we were supposed to have twenty but I have one for every class. So I don't really know what happened. But, hope you liked my blogs, sorry they are so long:)

Lecture 19

Professor started class by showing us an ultra sound and saying that he is going to have a baby boy! yay!!! We started off by talking about the six-day war in 1967. The war was between Egypt and Israeli. Isreaeli forces lauch pre-emptive stikes and reduce Egyptian air force within hourse. They force entry on the Old City and Moshe Dayan gives control of haram to Muslims. Israeli Knesset formally annexes Old City and East Jerusalem.He showed us a picutre of a Zion Gate and how it had bullet holes on the outside of it.We quickly talked about Kind David Hotel area from Old City. He gave us a situation in which people who were not in a country and used a bomb to kill military people. Is it considered terrorism? But then he goes and give a different example in which they are just people trying to get their space back, and those deaths were just colateral damage. We are left trying to figure out if it is terrorism or not and this is the things that are going on in Jerusalem.They started intifadas; consists of cival disobediance, refusal to pay taxes, violent action, things along these lines. We are going to do everything to not interact with isrealies. The first intifada was in 1988-1992, leading to the Oslo Accords in 1993.The Oslo Accords, which occured in 1993, was the declaration of priciples on interim self-government arrangments. or declaration of principles. It called for creation of PNA as wellas israeli withdrawal from gaza strip and west bank. It was officially signed at a public ceremony in Wasington, DC on Sept 13, 1993. . In 1996 ther ewere temple mount controversy. From 2000 to present day, the second intifada occued. It provoked by Ariel Sharons visit to the al-aqsa Mosque.The PLO, the Palestine LIberation Organization, was founded in 1964. It is considered by the US to be a terrorist organization until Madrid Conference in 1991. The state of Palestine unilaterally declared in Nov, 15 1988.

We finished class by going over Jerusalem in the past ten years. This will be my last blog for this class but it was a good experience!!!
THANKS CARGILL! you are a great professor

Lecture 18

We started lecture by finishing up lecture 16.
Saladin allowed the Jews to resettle in Jerusalem. The Jews were told that they must return to "Land of their Fathers" and "risk their lives for Zion".During the crusades, Jerusalem was pretty much just Christain. During Mamluk, it was Muslims, Jews and Christians. During hte Ottomon period there was tolerance between Muslims, Jews and Christians.The next topic we talked about was 20th century Jerusalem. We started with a timeline. from 1516 to 1967.We see that there is a rise of Zionism as well as in European Nationalism. Where is the land of the Jews??? We see anti-semitic pogroms in islamic caused by catholics. we also see anti-semitic pogroms in Russia causing Jews to flee to Palestine. The rise of Hitler and anti-semitism caused Jews to be killed causing them to flee further away from hitler and toward Jerusalem.After world war 1, everything began to change. The Ottomans aligned with German against France and Britain. Jerusalme became the headquarters for VIII Turkish Corps. The British used Palestine to break "stalemate".The British and France make a secret agreement called the sykes-picot agreement. It divided former Ottoman Empire into area of control and influence. The British got Palestine, Jordan and Southern Iraq.We then talked about the Balfour Declaration. It was  written in Nov. 2 1917, British PM Lloyed George and he directs Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour to write to Lord Rothschild. They wanted to very quitely support Jewish things in Palestine.The British took control from 1918-1948. The Promised to protect he holy places of all faiths.  We can see this in the "white paper" as well as the Peel plan.The "White Paper" clarified how britan viewed the Balfour Declaration. British at frist did not support a Jewish Natinal Home, but a continuation o a community in Palestine. In Jull 1933, Britan partitioned are to the west of hte Jordan for a Jewish settlement.The Peel Commission suggested in response to violence between Arabs and Jews prior to WWII. It was an early "two state" solution taht was a parition of Palestine and approved by U.N. in August 1947.In 1948, The Arab-Israeli War breaks out. The British Depart amidst fighting on May 14/15. The Jordanian Army arrives on May 16 and they fought. A truce was arranged by UN in July. Isreal and Jordan signed a armistice in march 16, 1949. A green line was created between isreal and Jordanian-held west bank.Professor started to go over things very quickly because we were running out of time. He showed us a picture to show us how things were split up after the war.

Lecture 17

We started today by finishing lecutre 14. We talked about avvasid Dynasty, ruled from 750-969. Abbasids try to wipe out memory of umayyid accomplishments ike palaces. Abbasid Caliph took credit for building the dome of the rock.The next dynasty was the Fatimids, ruling from 969-1099. The rulers were form egypt. The population of Jerusalem kept increasing during this time. In 1009 Caliph al-Hakim ordered destruciton of all Jewish and Christian houses of prayer, including the holy sepulcher. It was a very bad and intollerant situation.In 1033, an earthqake damages Jerusalems walls, the dome was restored in 1035 and the city walls were rebuilt in 1034-1064. In 1070-1098 the Seljuqs occupied Jerusalem, destroying and looting the city and massascring people. In 1098, Fatimids led a 40-day siege on Jerusalem's fortifications, destroying several sections of the city wall, and eventually retaking hte city from the Seljuqs.
We then finished Saladin Conquers Jerusalem in 1187. Jews were allowed to come in if they wanted too. There were Purificaitns of hte Haram and the Church of hte Holy Sepulcher was given to Greek Orthodox.We finished the Crusades by talking about Ayyubid Jerusalem. You can start to see a partern in the crusades. They had 8 crusades. During the 5th crusade the walls fo jerusalem were dismantled, people fleed and the population shrunk to 2000. And during the 6th crusade, the crusaders actually takes back Jerusalem for ten years. The last cursader falls in 1291 ending the crusader period.
We then moved to the next topic.We then moved to a new topic about Mamluk and Ottoman Jerusalem. The Mamluk Period was from 1244-1516 and Ottoman period was from  1517-1918. We disgusted the time line from 1187 to 1948. Professor specificly told us not to write it down.Mamluk means owned. It was a soldier of slave orgin that turned to islam. It was considered to be a movement instead of a dynasty. Under Mamluke Jerusalem becomes a religious center. It also was politcally and militarily insignificant, it was "a city without walls".Under them, The haram was develoved. The specifically built schools, hospices and hostels. They used the cursaders structures to do this. However, in 1351-1353, Jerusalem suffered from the Black Death Plague.The Mamluk also provided Jerusalem with alot of new Architectre. They introduced them to muqarnas decortive techniques which can be see inside does and above entrances.Professor showed us pictures of some of the Muqarnas designs. They were cool becuase they were like 3-D images and reminded me of the honey structures bee's make.Some of the developments of the Haram were also happening. Towers on thecorners of Haram were built, Mnarets were added, Summer pulpit were built, Northen colonnade were added, and the Dome of hte rock and al-Aqsa Mosque were restored.Alot of the enhancements in what is now the islamic quarter.
Anohter thing that was interesting was that the Jewish Quarter continued to grow. Not as a political standpoint, but as a spiritual center. Synagogues were found, Jews came to study with Him, and Kabbalah (jewish Mysticism) was also developed.We then moved onto the Ottoman Empire. Ottoman took Constantinople in 1453. Selim I defeats the Mamluks in 1517 at Marj-Dabik (north Syria). The ottoman Administration was a strong centralized government. In 1831, Jersalem lost to Mohammed Ali in Egypt,but was restred in 1840.Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent was a ruler from 1520-1566. He did alot of public works like repairing and enlarging aqueducs and Sultans pool. He rebuilt the walls of Jerusalem, includeing a part that is two miles long, forty feet high, 34 towers and 7 gates. He replaces the mosaics on the exterior of the Dome with Syrian tiles. His works in Jerusalem parallels that of Mecca nd Medina: he Makes Jeruslame the third great city of Islam!We finished class with the western wall and how it was a palce of prayer given by Suleiman

Lecture 16

Todays topic was Crusader Jerusalem. We had a substitue named Ryan Roberts who gave us the lecture.The crusades accured between 1099-1187.We still see that after thousands of years, the crusades are still used to describe things that are happening in our world today. Some backgound on the Crusades. Before the crusades were the Umayyad, Abbasid, and Fatamid dynasties. Then cam teh Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem, which is Jerusalem under Crusaders Rule.Some of the contributing factors to the crusades were political, religious and socio-econimics. With the political part, there were emergence of Holy Roman Empire in Western Europe, causing divisionsin Christianity. For the Religious part, late reaction ot persecution of Christians populations of Jerusalem. The holy sepulcher was destroyed and kills patriarch of Jerusalem. With the Socio-economic part, there was a  phenomenon of the second and third son.On noveber 27, 1095, pope Urban II gave a speech and encourages them to free and liberate Jerusalem while they are on their way to exterminate the people from their lands. He is telling the poeple to drop everything they have and pick up a weapon and head off on a hard journey and fight. Once he puts it out there, he is blown away by the people becasue they all agree with him.So what exactly is a crusade? An expedition authorized by the pope on christs behalf, the leading participants in which took vpws and consequently enjoyed the privileges of protection at home and the indulgence, which when the campaign was not destined for the easty, was ewuated with that granted to crusaders to the holy land. (Riley-smith). We can see that the crusades were very religious because they came from the pope, throught God. But what is indulgence. Remisson of the penalties due for sins that was granted to crusaders. One could get an indulgence by conributing funds to a crusade, preaching a crusade, collecting money for one, settleing as a colonist in the holy land.The first crusades, there were many routes. One was the pesants crusades. They were very "gung-ho" about it.

The first crusades occured from 1095-1099, preached by Urban II at Clermont. Jerusalem conquered by Godfrey de Couillon, in 1099. in 1100, baldwin became "king of Jerusalem". With the Crusaders Jerusalem, There were 4 quarters. Patriarchs quarter, Templar quarter, Syrian quarrer and armenian quarter.The second Crusades was from 1147-1149. It was preached by St. Bernard at Vezelay.Some of the crusader period monuments. the dome of hte rock, al-aqsa mosque, church of the holy sepulccher, church of st. mary, church of the ascension, church of st. lazarus, arminian quarter, as well as 42 other churches that have been identified.
Bernard Desribes Templars. Order of Knights Temlar was found in 1118. Domain located on Temple Mount. On the coin, ther were two "poor knights" sharinga  horse depicting early idealism of crusaders.The Hospitallers were a community of mostly french Crusaders located in Muristan quarter near Holy Sepulcher.Some other orders were Teutonic Knights (German Hositalers), form 1128 in syrian quarter.
It was cool, the sub showed us this video of a video game that uses Jerusalem called assassin creed. Its funny becasue I watched my brother play this video game all summer and I actually like it. But the sub broke down the video and showed us the different asspects of Jerusalem in it, like the dome of the rock, church of the holy sepulchar and the city of David.

Lecture 15

Todays topic was Islamic Jerusalem.We went over the timeline from 638 to 1918. Today we mostly looked at 638 to 1099. We had Caliph Umar, the Umayyad Dynasty, Abbasids, and Fatimids.When the Byzantine empire fell, the Sasanians took palestine and Jerusalem in 614-628. But in 628, Heraclius, the Byzantine Emperor, took Jerusalem back and allowed Jews to be massacred. Professor added a quick slide about Muhammad and gave a little background on him. He also talked about the first three caliphs, which is when we first see dividing between the Shi'ites and the Sunnies.In 638, Muslim Caliph (delegate or representative) Umar took Jerusalem. He was the second Caliph. He was the most powerful of the early Caliphs. He does not allow Jewish settlement but later allowed them back into the city, causing the Jewish population to grow.Professor then went over some islamic terms for Jerusalem that he thought were important. Aelia, menas the city of the Temple. Bait Maqdis, meaning "house of the holy place", was shortened in the 10th century to al-Quds, meaning "the Holy". Lastly was hte Haram al-Sharif, meaning "the noble sacturary". It was used to describe the temple mount.Some terms that had to do with the architecture were Qibla- which was the direction of prayer. The second was Miharb, meaning the niche pointing the direction of prayer. He wanted us to know what Mihrab was becasue before it was moved to Mecca, it used to be Jerusalem.
Next we looked at the Kaaba in Mecca. When people are praying they all circle around the Kaaba. It is a cube shaped building made from granite. In the eastern corner of it, there is the black stone. As islam rises in the prominance, all of the traditions that were absorbed by Jerusalem are now coming towards the Kaaba. It connects heaven to earth, becasue it was said to be from outter space. It is the second most sacred space in islam. At one point it used to contain alot of idols representing all the arabian tribal Gods, including some for Jesus and Mary. Muslims do not worship the Kaaba, they worship around it.There are five pillars of Islam. 1. Shahada: ther eis no god  but Allah and Muhammad is his messenger 2. Salat: prayer five times a day towards Mecca 3. Zakat: Almsgiving to the needy 4. Sawm: Fasting in the month of Ramadan, in wich the Qu'ran was first revealed 5. Hajj: making pilgrimage to Mecca once in one's lifetime.We went into detail about Hajj. When one goes on Hajj, you paint your door with beautiful colors. It was a sign to people who would try to steal form you when you were away. It was like a triple sin to steel from soneone who was on Hajj.
Next we talked about Umayyad Jerusalem. The Umayyad Dynasty was from 638-750. Caliph Umar build a wooden Mosque and Abd al-Malik builds the Dome of the Rock.We then looked at pictures of Haram al-Sharif, or the "nobel sacturary". We saw pictures of the Southwestrn corner of the temple as well as a sketch of what the whole thing used to look like. The early Islamic Palaces and Administrative buildings began during the reign of Caliph Walid from 705-715. They had fresh water and sewage systems, decorated (with carved adn molded stucco) frescoes as well as floors paved with plagstone and mosaics. It was never completed as inteded, however it was sill used into the early Abbasid period.
We next looked at the Dome of the Rock. Professor explained to us that he was allowed to go in there before 9-11 but now they only let Muslims in. Artist had to be very creative when doing this becasue there was no picuteres allowed. they had to learn to do designs. It was originally known as the Mosque of Omar. It was build by Umayyad Ruler Abd al-Malik.Some of the key dates for the Rock were, 687, its commission, 691, its completion, 1099, the crusaders conquered Jerusalem and converted the dome to a church, and  1187, the dome is restored by Salah ad-Din when he re-conquered Jerusalem.Professor showed us pictures of the Dome, like the cross section, and some of the interior. I was fascinated by how much detail was put into it and how beautiful it was.Since the Dome was based off the church of they holy seplachur, we see many similar qualities. We also see similar qualites in the mosaics on the Umayad Mosque.
The Dome fo the Chain was a place where the final judgment will occur in the "end of days". It is the gemometric center of the Haram esh-Sharif. It is considered to be an Axis Mundi. It had one characteristic. If two men approached it to solbe a point of litigation, only the honest and upright man could take hod of it; the unjust man saw it move out of his reach.We then talked about the Al-Aqsa Mosque. There is a buldge in a wall because it is starting to give way. They are fighting over it in order to see who will fix it. We looked at a couple of pictures of it.It is considered to be the "farthest mosque". It was built between 705 and 715 by Caliph Walid. It was built over the "stables of solomon". There was alot of earthquake damage which cause for it to be rebuilt in 1033. A prayer there is considered to be worth 500 elsewhere.We ran out of time in class so we will finish it next time!

Lecture 14:

Todays topic was Byzantine Jerusalem. It was professors birthdays so he brouht us diddy!!! it was so good! Byzantine Jerusalem came after the Roman Rule and before the Persian Captured Jerusalem. Its rule was from 312-637CE. Christianity began to rise during this time. As well as the metaphysical Jerusalem. We also start to see Jesus and his role in Jerusalem. Jerusalem is where Jesus was said to have been crucified, buried and resurreced. We can see stroys this in Matthew 27: 33-40.In the Byzantine empire, there was a division between the east and the west. On each side, they had both an Augustus and a Caesar to rule. Constantine was one of the great rulers during the Byzantine empire. He ruled from 312-337CE. He legalized Christianity at the Edict of Milan in 313. It was said that he used Christianity in order to uite the emipre. In 330, Byzantium was renamed Constantinople. Helena was Constantine's mother. She came to Jerusalem in  324. She was the lead the first christian Pilgrimage and created teh church of nativity as well as the church of the ascension. She also rededicated the church of the Holy Sepulcher.
We then looked at the Madaba Map from 6th century CE. The Madaba was a mosaic on a church floor that is a map of the holy land with Jerusalem as its center.On it are the six gates, The Damascus gate, the stephan gate, the dung gate, the zion gate, the jaffa gate and the golden gate. We saw pictures of all of these and where they were located on the map. We also looked at the church of the holy sepulcher. It was said that it was the place in which adam was buried. Abraham also bound issac for sacrifice there. It is considered the symbolic cneter where divinity touches humanity in a unique way. We finished the lecture by going over the Nea church. IT was a Christian church that was built by Justinian. It copies the layout of the ancient temple with "two columns in the front".